Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships - Dr.* Prosanjeet J. Sarkar, Elstan A. Fernandez [2021, PDF]

Contents

ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships ix
Chapter No. Title Page No.
1 Electrical Safety 1
2 Steering and Stabiliser Systems 31
3 Rudder Angle and Rate of Turn Indicators 113
4 Gyro Compasses and Course Recorder 121
5 Magnetic Compasses 157
6 Ship’s Speed Logs 171
7 Echo Sounder 185
8 Radars 193
9 Electronic Chart Display & Information System 265
10 Global Positioning System 281
11 Differential Global Positioning System 293
12 Anemometer 303
13 Weather Facsimile 311
14 Navigation and Signal Lights 319
15 Air Horn (The Ship’s Whistle) 333
16 Very High Frequency Communication System 337
17 Medium and High Frequency Radio Equipment 347
18 Navigational Telex 359
19 Automatic Identification System 371
20 Long-range Identification and Tracking 379
21 Closed Circuit Television 387
22 Television and Radio Antennae 391
23 Bridge Navigation Watch Alarm System 395
24 Ship’s Security Alert System 403
25 Global Maritime Distress and Safety System 409
26 Marine Electric Clock 433
27 Alarm Systems 437
28 Internal Communication Systems 473
29 Voyage Data Recorder 489
30 List of SOLAS Regulations 507R ContentsR
x Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 1 – Electrical Safety
Article No. Article Page No.
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Inherent Dangers and Avoidance of Disastrous Consequences 1
1.2.1 Risk Assessment 1
1.3 Passive Safety Measures 3
1.3.1 Component Quality or Reliability Level 4
1.3.2 Protection against Erroneous Operation 5
1.3.3 Maintenance 5
1.3.4 Personnel Protection 5
1.4 Active Safety Measures 7
1.4.1 Redundancy Requirements 7
1.4.1.1 Essential Users 8
1.4.1.2 Important Users 8
1.4.2 Circuit Protection 9
1.5 Fundamental Requirements for Safe Installation of Equipment 10
1.6 Dos and Don’ts While Working with Electrical Equipment 12
1.6.1 Additional Precautions when Commencing Work on Electronic
Equipment
15
1.6.2 Special Protection Scheme for Workshop Machinery 15
1.7 Danger Signals 15
1.8 Precautions for Preventing an Electric Shock 16
1.9 Conditions which Increase Danger to Personnel 18
1.10 High Voltage Safety 19
1.10.1 Isolation and Lockout 20
1.10.2 Warning Signs 20
1.10.3 Working on De-Energized High Voltage Power Systems 21
1.10.3.1 Person In-charge 21
1.10.3.2 Switching Sequences 22
1.10.3.3 Isolating Devices 22
1.10.3.4 Insulation Resistance 22
1.10.3.5 Grounding and Blocking 22
1.11 Electrical Accidents 23
1.11.1 Arc Flash 23R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xi
Chapter 1 – Electrical Safety
Article No. Article Page No.
1.11.2 Arc Blast 23
1.11.3 Shock 23
1.11.3.1 Micro Shock 23
1.11.3.2 Macro Shock 23
1.11.4 First Aid 27
1.11.4.1 The Basic Procedure 27
1.11.4.2 Mouth-to-Mouth Resuscitation 29
1.11.4.3 Holger-Neilson Resuscitation 30
1.12 Maintenance of Records 30
Chapter 2 – Steering and Stabiliser Systems
Article No. Article No. Page No.
2.1 Fundamental Concepts 31
2.1.1 Steering Gear 31
2.1.2 Steering Gear Power Unit 32
2.1.3 Auxiliary Steering Gear 32
2.1.4 Steering Gear Control 32
2.1.5 Mechanical Control 34
2.1.6 Remote Control Systems 34
2.1.7 Non-Follow-up Steering (or Time Dependent Steering) 34
2.1.8 Full Follow-up (Manual Mode) with Electro-hydraulic Control 36
2.1.9 Two Ram Hydraulic Steering Gear – Open Loop System 36
2.1.10 A Two Ram Steering Gear Powered by A Closed Loop Hydraulic
System
37
2.1.11 The Four-ram Type of Steering Gear 40
2.1.11.1 Combined Shock Relief and Bypass Valves 43
2.1.11.2 Hunting Gear 43
2.1.11.3 Variable Delivery Pump Anti-Rotation Device 44
2.1.11.4 Emergency Arrangements 45
2.1.11.5 Further Safety Devices 45
2.1.12 Procedure to Put the Steering Gear into Operation 46R ContentsR
xii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 2 – Steering and Stabiliser Systems
Article No. Article No. Page No.
2.1.13 Automatic Isolation System 46
2.1.13.1 Construction 46
2.1.13.2 Operation 47
2.1.13.3 Failure Sequence with One Pump Running 47
2.1.13.4 Failure Sequence with Both Pumps Running 47
2.1.13.5 System Testing 48
2.1.14 Electronic Steering Control 48
2.1.15 The Purpose of Negative Feedback 49
2.1.16 The Manual or Full Follow-up Mode 49
2.1.17 The Auto Pilot Mode 50
2.1.17.1 Circuit Description 52
2.1.17.2 Counter Rudder 58
2.1.17.3 Rudder Limit 58
2.1.17.4 Off Course and Pilot Watch Alarm 58
2.1.18 Indicators for Monitoring the Operating Conditions of the Steering
Gear
59
2.1.19 Procedure for Change-over from Normal to Emergency Mode of
Operation
59
2.1.19.1 Requirements 59
2.1.19.2 Basic Actions 59
2.2 Anschütz Auto Steering 60
2.2.1 Salient Features of NautoSteer 61
2.2.2 System Types 61
2.2.2.1 Dual Follow-Up (Dual FU) 61
2.2.2.2 Dual Non-Follow-Up (Dual NFU) 62
2.2.2.3 Follow-Up / Dual Non-Follow-Up 62
2.2.3 System Structure 62
2.2.3.1 Control Components 62
2.3 Sperry Marine Steering Gear 66
2.3.1 Steering Design Specifications 67
2.3.2 Dual Control Gyro Pilot Steering Stand 67
2.3.3 Linear Hydraulic Power Unit 68R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xiii
Chapter 2 – Steering and Stabiliser Systems
Article No. Article No. Page No.
2.3.4 Piston Operation 68
2.3.5 Limit Switches, Relays and the Follow-up Potentiometer 69
2.3.6 Inside Limit Switches 70
2.3.7 Outside Limit Switches 70
2.4 Steering Gear Testing and Drills 70
2.5 Rotary Vane Steering Systems 72
2.6 Relevant Rules 73
2.6.1 Relevant SOLAS Regulations 73
2.6.2 Relevant ABS Rules 73
2.6.3 Summary of Regulations 74
2.7 Common Issues of a Steering Gear System 76
2.7.1 Oil Leakages 76
2.7.2 Difference in the Actual Rudder Angle and Ordered Helm Angle 77
2.7.3 Unsatisfactory Steering 77
2.7.4 Excessive Noise from the Steering Gear 77
2.7.5 High Oil Temperature 77
2.7.6 The Rudder’s Movement is Within or Beyond the Limit 77
2.7.7 Remote Control of Steering is not Possible 78
2.7.8 Rudder Angle Transmitter and Tiller Link Failure 78
2.8 Troubleshooting the Flutek-Kawasaki FE 21 – 288 – T050 System 78
2.8.1 Steering Gear Does Not Work 79
2.8.2 The Rudder’s Turning Speed Is Slow 80
2.8.3 Steering Gear Does Not Work Smoothly 81
2.8.4 The Steering Gear Is Unstable (The Steering Gear Does Not Stand
Still)
81
2.8.5 Abnormal Noises While the Ship Is on A Voyage 82
2.8.6 Abnormal Pressure-Rise in All Cylinders 83
2.8.7 The Rudder Moves While the Ship is at Anchorage 83
2.8.8 The Stand-By Pump Rotates in The Reverse Direction 83
2.8.9 Excessive Temperature On The Pump Bearing Casing 83
2.8.10 Excessive Oil Temperature in the Oil Tank 84
2.8.11 Abnormal Noise from The Pump 84R ContentsR
xiv Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 2 – Steering and Stabiliser Systems
Article No. Article No. Page No.
2.8.12 Decrease of Oil in The Oil Tank in A Short Time 84
2.8.13 The Electric Motor Cannot Start 84
2.8.14 Abnormal Wear of The Coupling 84
2.9 Troubleshooting the Single Loop Fork Type F-172 SG Sys 1 85
2.9.1 Slow Turning Speed of the Rudder 85
2.9.2 The Rudder Moves in Only One Direction 85
2.9.3 Rudder Movement Is Irregular 85
2.9.4 Rudder Moves While the Ship is at Anchorage 85
2.9.5 Other Problems 86
2.10 Troubleshooting the Steering Gear Mitsubishi Type DF-250 86
2.10.1 Steering is Impossible 86
2.10.2 Steering is Unsatisfactory 88
2.10.3 Error Between Helm Angle Of Steering Wheel And The Actual Rudder
Angle
88
2.10.4 Error Between Helm Angle of Helm Angle Indicator and Rudder Angle 88
2.10.5 Generation of Heavy Noise 88
2.10.6 Excessive Temperature Rise in The Hydraulic Oil 88
2.10.7 The Rudder Does Not Move to The Maximum Prescribed Rudder
Angle, Or Moves Beyond the Limit
89
2.10.8 Autopilot Failures 89
2.10.8.1 Failure Phenomena List 89
2.10.8.2 Countermeasures 90
2.11 Roll Stabiliser for Ships 106
2.11.1 Constant Pressure Hydraulic Active Stabiliser Control 109
2.11.1.1 How Lift Control Works 110
2.11.1.2 Lift Control Advantages 111
2.11.1.3 Key Benefits and Highlights 111
2.11.2 New Digital Control System 112R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xv
Chapter 3 – Rudder Angle and Rate of Turn Indicators
Article No. Article No. Page No.
3.1 Rudder Position Indicator 113
3.1.1 The Precision Potentiometer and Stepper Motor Type (Type A070) 113
3.1.2 Operating Principle 113
3.1.3 Technical Data 114
3.1.4 Outstanding Features 114
3.2 Synchros for Rudder Angle and Course Indication 115
3.3 Troubleshooting the Rudder Indicator 117
3.3.1 The Motor Circuit is Abnormal 118
3.3.1.1 The Pointer of The Receiver is Not Moving 118
3.3.1.2 The Movement of the Receiver’s Pointer Is Unstable 118
3.3.1.3 The Receiver Rotates in Different Directions 118
3.3.1.4 The Indication is 180º Out of Alignment from That of The Transmitter 118
3.3.1.5 Transmitter or Receiver Overheats 118
3.3.1.6 A Humming Sound is Heard 118
3.3.1.7 The Illumination Circuit is Abnormal 119
3.4 The Rate of Turn Indicator 119
3.4.1 Raytheon Anschutz Rate of Turn System 120
Chapter 4 – Gyro Compasses and Course Recorder
Article No. Article Page No.
4.1 Introduction 121
4.2 Regulations 121
4.3 Working Principle 121
4.3.1 Moment of Inertia 122
4.3.2 Gyroscopic Inertia 124
4.3.3 Gyroscopic Precession 126
4.3.4 Rate of Precession 127
4.4 Control of The Free Gyro to Produce A North Seeking Instrument 128
4.4.1 Controlled Gyroscopes 128
4.4.2 Control of the Gyro Using Solid Weights 128
4.4.3 Control of the Gyro by Liquid Ballistics 130
4.5 Operational Errors of the Gyrocompass 131R ContentsR
xvi Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 4 – Gyro Compasses and Course Recorder
Article No. Article Page No.
4.5.1 Latitude Error (Damping Error) 131
4.5.2 Course Latitude and Speed Error (Steaming Error) 131
4.5.3 The Change in the Course and Speed Error 131
4.5.4 Effect of a Ship’s Motion on a Gyro Compass 131
4.6 Major Components of the Ship’s Gyro Compass Master Unit 132
4.7 Troubleshooting the Gyro Compass TG-8000-8500 By Tokyo Keiki 136
4.7.1 General 136
4.7.2 Before Troubleshooting 136
4.7.3 Countermeasures 137
4.7.4 Measures When an Alarm is Generated 137
4.7.5 Failure Phenomena and Countermeasures 137
4.7.5.1 Power Supply Abnormality (Alarm Code “1”) 138
4.7.5.1.1 One Gyro-Compass System 138
4.7.5.1.2 Two Gyro-Compasses System 139
4.7.5.2 Power Supply Abnormality (Alarm Code “2”) 143
4.7.5.3 Inverter Abnormality (Alarm Code “3”) 143
4.7.5.4 Rotor Level Abnormality (Alarm Code “6”) 144
4.7.5.5 Zero Cross Abnormality (Alarm Code “8”) 144
4.7.5.6 System Communication Abnormality (1) (Alarm Code “A”) 145
4.7.5.7 System Communication Abnormality (2) (Alarm Code “B”) 146
4.7.5.8 GPS Communication Stop (Alarm Code “C”) Or Abnormality of GPS
Data (Alarm Code “D”) 148
4.7.5.9 System Internal Communication Abnormality (1) (Alarm Code “E”) Or
System Internal Communication Abnormality (2) (Alarm Code “F”) 148
4.7.5.10 Master Compass Heading Abnormality (Alarm Code “G”) 149
4.7.5.11 External Heading Sensor Communication Stop (Alarm Code “L”) Or
External Heading Sensor Data Abnormality (Alarm Code “N”) 149
4.7.5.12 LOG (Serial Signal) Communication Stop (Alarm Code “P”) Or LOG
(Serial Signal) Data Abnormality (Alarm Code “U”) 149
4.7.5.13 LOG Contact Abnormality (Alarm Code “U”) 150
4.7.5.14 E5V Abnormality (Alarm Code “R”) 150
4.7.5.15 The Gyro-Compass Does Not Operate, When Power Switch On The
Operating Panel Is Turned “ON” 150R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xvii
Chapter 4 – Gyro Compasses and Course Recorder
Article No. Article Page No.
4.7.5.16 Each Repeater Does Not Operate 151
4.7.5.17 All Repeaters Do Not Operate 152
4.8 The Course Recorder 152
4.8.1 Example of a Course Record 154
4.8.2 Required Markings on the Paper 154
4.8.3 The Recording Pen / Stylus 155
4.8.4 Working Principle of the Recorder 155
4.8.5 Care and Maintenance 155
Chapter 5 – Magnetic Compasses
Article No. Article Page No.
5.1 Introduction 157
5.2 Regulations 157
5.3 Differences Between Magnetic North and True North 158
5.4 Types of Magnetic Compasses 158
5.5 Construction 159
5.6 The Importance of Comparing Compasses 161
5.7 Precautions, Care and Maintenance 161
5.8 Troubleshooting the Wet Card Magnetic Compass 162
5.8.1 Magnetic Compass (SH-165A2 Series) 162
5.9 Compass Considerations for Steering and Autopilots 163
5.10 The AutoNav Flux Gate Compass (as installed on ships) 169
5.10.1 Easy-mounting Sensor 170
5.10.2 Gyro Interface for Accuracy and Stability 170
Chapter 6 – Ship’s Speed Logs
Article No. Article Page No.
6.1 Introduction 171
6.2 Main Types of Logs Fitted on Modern Ships 171
6.3 Principle of Operation of the Electro-magnetic Log 171
6.3.1 Errors / Other Effects on Accuracy 172
6.3.1.1 The ‘Zero’ Error 172R ContentsR
xviii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 6 – Ship’s Speed Logs
Article No. Article Page No.
6.3.1.2 Water Conductivity 172
6.3.1.3 Streamlining of the Sensor’s Housing 172
6.3.1.4 Vessel Movement 173
6.3.1.5 Limitations of the Electro-magnetic Log 173
6.4 Principle of Operation of the Pitot Tube Log 173
6.4.1 Factors Affecting Accuracy 174
6.4.1.1 Calibration 174
6.4.1.2 Water Oscillation in the Tubes 174
6.4.1.3 Tube Obstructions 174
6.4.1.4 It Can Record Speed Through the Water Only 174
6.5 Principle of Operation of the Doppler Speed Log 174
6.5.1 Doppler Speed Log (Errors) 176
6.5.1.1 Transducer Alignment 176
6.5.1.2 Vessel Motion 176
6.5.1.3 Velocity of Sound in Water 176
6.5.2 Doppler Speed Log (Limitations) 176
6.5.2.1 Power Losses 176
6.5.3 Block Diagram 177
6.5.3.1 Transducer 177
6.5.3.2 Transceiver 177
6.5.3.2.1 Transmitter 177
6.5.3.2.2 Receiver 178
6.5.3.3 Duplexer 178
6.5.3.4 Distribution Box 178
6.5.3.5 Display Unit 179
6.5.3.6 Conditions Affecting the Speed Log 179
6.6 Troubleshooting 179
6.6.1 Checking the Transducer of the DS-80 180
6.6.1.1 Check the DC Resistances of Transducer Cables 180
6.6.2 Check the Impedance of the Transducer 180
6.6.3 Error Indications 181
6.6.4 Menu Settings 182R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xix
Chapter 6 – Ship’s Speed Logs
Article No. Article Page No.
6.6.5 Troubleshooting the Yokogawa Electro Magnetic Log (EML 500 Series) 183
Chapter 7 – Echo Sounder
Article No. Article Page No.
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Working Principle 185
7.3 Block Diagram 186
7.3.1 Transmitter Block Diagram 188
7.3.2 Receiver Block Diagram 188
7.3.3 Transducer Unit 189
7.4 Maintenance 189
7.4.1 Recorder Cleaning 189
7.4.2 Power Feed Rail Cleaning 189
7.4.3 Driving and Driven Pulley 189
7.4.4 Window Glass Cleaning 190
7.5 Troubleshooting 190
7.5.1 Furuno Echo Sounder FE 800 191
7.5.1.1 Replacing the Fuse / Battery 191
7.5.1.2 No Picture, No Reading Measure 191
7.5.1.3 No Echo Sounding Picture 191
7.5.1.4 Irregular Display 192
7.5.1.5 Loss of Seabed Display 192
7.5.1.6 There Is A Loud Noise 192
7.5.1.7 There is Surface Noise 192
7.5.1.8 Fan and LCD Backlight Life Expectancy 192
Chapter 8 – Radars
Article No. Article Page No.
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 Purpose 194
8.3 Scope 194
8.4 Uses of a Radar 194R ContentsR
xx Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 8 – Radars
Article No. Article Page No.
8.4.1 Merchant Vessels 194
8.4.2 Leisure Craft 195
8.4.3 Fishing Vessels and Small Commercial Vessels 195
8.4.4 High Speed Craft 196
8.4.5 Vessel Traffic Services 196
8.4.6 Military Applications 196
8.5 Regulators 196
8.5.1 UNCLOS 197
8.5.2 IMO 197
8.5.3 ISO 197
8.5.4 IEC 198
8.6 Regulations 198
8.6.1 Radar for Ships Within SOLAS 198
8.7 The Principal of Range Measurement 200
8.7.1 Range 200
8.7.2 Pulse Repetition Frequency 201
8.7.3 Maximum Unambiguous Range 202
8.7.4 Minimum Range 202
8.7.5 Derivation of the Radar Range Equation 203
8.7.6 The Standard Form of The Radar Range Equation 204
8.7.6.1 Example 204
8.8 Radar Band, Frequency and Wavelength 205
8.9 Types of Radars 205
8.9.1 Continuous Wave Radar 205
8.9.2 Pulse Radar 206
8.10 Basic Operation of a Radar 206
8.11 Block Diagram of the Radar 210
8.12 System Configuration 211
8.12.1 25 kW, X band, TR up (FAR2827) 211
8.12.2 25 kW, X band TR down (FAR2827W) 211
8.12.3 30 kW, S band, TR Up - Separate Antenna Motor Control Unit 212
8.12.4 30 kW, S band, TR Down 212R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxi
Chapter 8 – Radars
Article No. Article Page No.
8.12.5 Inter Switch by LAN HUB is Required for Connecting Three or More
Units
213
8.12.6 Maximum Cable Length 214
8.13 The Transmitter 215
8.13.1 Trigger Generator 216
8.13.2 Modulator and Pulse Forming Network 216
8.13.3 The Pulse Length 216
8.13.4 The Power of the Transmitted Pulse 217
8.13.5 The Pulse Shape 217
8.14 The Modulator Unit 218
8.15 The Magnetron 219
8.16 Range Scale and Pulse Length Selector 221
8.17 Receiver Function 222
8.18 The Radio Frequency Section 224
8.18.1 The Mixer Principle 224
8.18.2 Tuning Principles 224
8.18.3 The Intermediate Frequency Amplifier 225
8.18.4 The Linear IF Amplifier 225
8.18.5 The Logarithmic Amplifier 226
8.19 The Video Section 226
8.19.1 The Detector 226
8.19.2 The Video Amplifier 227
8.20 Aerial Function 227
8.20.1 Antenna Radiation Pattern 228
8.20.2 Radiation Intensity 229
8.20.3 Directivity 229
8.20.4 Antenna Gain 229
8.20.5 Impedance of the Antenna 230
8.21 T/R Cell 230
8.22 RF Transreceiver Function 231
8.23 Comparison of X-band and S-band Radar 231
8.24 Sub Units 232R ContentsR
xxii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 8 – Radars
Article No. Article Page No.
8.24.1 Processor Unit RPU-013 for All Transceiver Types, Except for TX
High Voltage 232
8.24.2 Processor Unit (Top Cover Opened, Without the Shield Cover) 232
8.24.3 Processor Unit Bottom 233
8.24.4 X Band Scanner Unit with a Radiator 1.2 M, 2.0 M, 2.4 M 233
8.24.5 X Band, TR UP, Cover Removed (Front-end) 234
8.24.6 X Band, TR UP, Cover Removed (Rear-end) 234
8.24.7 X Band, TR UP, Cover and Terminal Board Removed (Rear-end) 235
8.24.8 X Band RF Module, Receiver Side (Shield Cover on the RFC Board
Is Removed)
236
8.24.9 X Band RF Module, Transmitter Side (Shield Cover Is Removed) 236
8.24.10 X Band, TR DOWN, Scanner Unit 237
8.24.11 X Band, TR Down, Transceiver Unit 237
8.24.12 X Band, TR DOWN, RF Module 238
8.24.13 S Band Scanner Unit 238
8.24.14 S Band TR UP, Receiver Circuit on the Right 239
8.24.15 S Band TR UP, Transmitter Circuit on the Left 239
8.24.16 PSU007 Scanner Motor Power Control (Terminal Board and Relays) 240
8.24.17 S Band TR Down Scanner Unit, Cover Removed 240
8.24.18 S Band TR Down, Transceiver Unit 241
8.24.19 Band TR Down, Terminal Board Removed 242
8.24.20 Monitor (MU201CR, MU231CR) 243
8.24.21 Control Unit RCU-014 244
8.24.22 RCU-014 Bottom Cover Removed 245
8.24.23 Dismounting the Track Ball 246
8.24.24 Card I/F Unit CU-200 246
8.24.25 Console Unit 247
8.24.26 Console, Cover Removed 247
8.24.27 HUB-100 Switching Hub 248
8.25 Installation 249
8.25.1 Antenna Location (1) Minimum Detection Range 249
8.25.2 Antenna Location (2) Vertical Separation 250
8.25.3 Antenna Location (3) Blind Sector 251R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxiii
Chapter 8 – Radars
Article No. Article Page No.
8.25.4 Fleet Broad Band Vs Radar 252
8.25.5 Inmarsat C Vs Radar 252
8.25.6 Radiation Hazard 253
8.25.7 Grounding and Protection of Bolts 254
8.26 Alarm Menu [MENU][3] 255
8.27 Own Ship Info 255
8.28 Maintenance 256
8.28.1 Magnetron Replacement Procedures 256
8.28.2 Handling of a Magnetron under Long – Time storage 256
8.28.3 Replacement Procedure 256
8.28.4 Verification After Replacement 261
8.28.5 General Maintenance 261
8.28.5.1 Fuse and Battery 261
8.28.6 Life Expectancy of Major Parts 262
8.28.7 Weekly 263
8.28.8 Monthly 263
8.29 Troubleshooting 263
Chapter 9 – Electronic Chart Display & Information System
Article No. Article Page No.
9.1 Introduction 265
9.2 Regulations 265
9.3 Navigation Tasks for Officers 266
9.3.1 Voyage Planning (ECDIS Function) 266
9.3.2 Route Planning on an ECDIS 267
9.3.3 Route Calculation 268
9.3.4 Chart Planning 268
9.3.5 User Chart Planning 268
9.3.6 Positioning 269
9.4 Direct Positioning Sensor 269
9.4.1 Satellite Navigation Equipment 269
9.4.2 Radio Navigation Equipment 270R ContentsR
xxiv Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 9 – Electronic Chart Display & Information System
Article No. Article Page No.
9.4.3 Dead Reckoning Equipment 270
9.4.3.1 Ships Heading Measuring Devices 270
9.4.3.2 Ships Speed Measuring Devices 270
9.4.3.3 Manual Correction 270
9.4.4 Monitoring 270
9.5 The Electronics Sea Chart Display 271
9.5.1 Alerts 272
9.5.2 Man Overboard and Grounding 272
9.5.3 Data Logging 272
9.5.4 Data Distribution 272
9.6 Block Diagram 273
9.6.1 ECDIS Multi Station Block Diagram 274
9.7 Troubleshooting 274
9.7.1 The power supply is not available. Alternatively, the equipment does not
start even if the Power button of the operation unit is pressed. 274
9.7.2 The power supply to the monitor is not available 275
9.7.3 Although the power is supplied to the monitor, the screen’s display is
off 275
9.7.4 The brightness of the monitor cannot be adjusted. 275
9.7.5 The trackball or the option keyboard cannot be operated 275
9.7.6 The trackball cannot be moved smoothly 275
9.7.7 Although the power is supplied and the screen’s display is okay, the
display is frozen, disabling processing to advance to display the task
menus.
275
9.7.8 Some task menus cannot be selected 276
9.7.9 The cursor is not displayed correctly 276
9.7.10 Characters / symbols are not displayed correctly 276
9.7.11 The GPS Position information is not displayed 276
9.7.12 The azimuth of the Gyrocompass is not displayed. Alternatively, the
azimuth rotation direction is not displayed correctly
276
9.7.13 The log is not displayed or the values are not displayed correctly 277
9.7.14 Rudder angles are not displayed. Alternatively, the values are not
displayed correctly
277R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxv
Chapter 9 – Electronic Chart Display & Information System
Article No. Article Page No.
9.7.15 Rudder angles are not displayed. Alternatively, the values are not
displayed correctly
277
9.7.16 Wind direction / wind speed (anemoscope / anemometer) data is not
displayed
278
9.7.17 Water depth values are not displayed 278
9.7.18 Sensor signals are not displayed 279
9.7.19 Contact signals are not sent from the output. 279
9.7.20 The UPS does not function 279
9.7.21 A popup window is displayed: The system has detected an error 280
Chapter 10 – Global Positioning System
Article No. Article Page No.
10.1 Introduction 281
10.2 GPS Segmentation 282
10.2.1 GPS Space Segment 282
10.2.2 GPS Control Segment 282
10.2.3 GPS User Segment 282
10.3 Block Diagram of the Marine GPS Receiver 283
10.3.1 Antenna 284
10.3.2 Receiver 284
10.3.3 Buffer Amplifier 285
10.4 GPS Errors and Their Classification 285
10.4.1 Receiver Dependent Errors 285
10.4.2 Satellite Dependent Errors 285
10.4.3 Propagation Errors 285
10.5 Maintenance of the GPS 286
10.5.1 Battery 286
10.5.2 Sensitive Component 286
10.5.3 Fuse 286
10.6 Generic Guidelines for Troubleshooting 287
10.6.1 Power Is Not Supplied When the Power Switch Is Pressed 287
10.6.2 The transponder software version is -.--. 287
10.6.3 There is no response after pressing a key on the operation panel 288R ContentsR
xxvi Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 10 – Global Positioning System
Article No. Article Page No.
10.6.4 Some pixels are missing on the LCD 288
10.6.5 No alerting sound is generated 288
10.6.6 The Display does not come on 288
10.6.7 No AIS message is received 288
10.6.8 No AIS message is transmitted 289
10.6.9 External sensor data (external GPS, gyro, and rate-of-turn) cannot be
loaded
289
10.6.10 Internal GPS data cannot be loaded 290
10.6.11 There is a difference between internal GPS data and external GPS data 290
10.6.12 Heading data is mismatched 290
10.6.13 There is a difference between Nav status and actual Nav status 290
10.7 Troubleshooting the GPS - Type JMR 7500 291
10.7.1 The power does not turn on when the power switch is pressed 291
10.7.2 The LCD display does not display anything 291
10.7.3 The alarm is not activated 291
10.7.4 The click does not sound 291
10.7.5 There is no reception (from the sensor) 291
10.7.6 There is no reception (from external devices) 292
10.7.7 There is no transmission (to external devices) 292
Chapter 11 – Differential Global Positioning System
Article No. Article Page No.
11.1 Introduction 293
11.2 The DGPS Concept 293
11.3 DGPS Implementation Types 295
11.3.1 Ranging Code Differential GPS 295
11.3.2 Carrier Phase Differential GPS 295
11.3.3 DGPS Data Link Implementation 296
11.3.4 Wide Area DGPS 296
11.4 DGPS Segments Architecture 297
11.4.1 DGPS Space Segment 297
11.4.2 DGPS Control Segment 298R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxvii
Chapter 11 – Differential Global Positioning System
Article No. Article Page No.
11.4.3 GPS User Segment 298
11.5 Block Diagram of the DGPS Receiver 298
11.5.1 DGPS Antenna 299
11.5.2 DGPS Receiver 299
11.5.3 Power Supply Unit 300
11.5.4 Selector Switch 300
11.5.5 Buffer Unit 300
11.6 Sources of DGPS Communication Error 300
11.6.1 Space Segment - Satellite Clock Error 301
11.6.2 Control Segment - Propagation Error (Ionosphere and Troposphere) 301
11.6.3 User Segment - Receiver Noise 301
11.6.4 Multipath Error 301
11.7 Maintenance of the GPS 301
11.7.1 Battery 301
11.7.2 Sensitive Components 302
11.7.3 Fuses 302
Chapter 12 – Anemometer
Article No. Article Page No.
12.1 Introduction 303
12.2 Block Diagram of a Wind Indicator 303
12.3 Operation 304
12.3.1 Wind Speed 304
12.3.2 Wind Direction 305
12.4 Maintenance 307
12.5 Troubleshooting 307
12.5.1 Wind Speed 307
12.5.1.1 There is No Indication 307
12.5.1.2 The Indication is Erratic 308
12.5.1.3 Unstable Indication 308
12.5.1.4 The Indication is Excessively Low 308
12.5.2 Wind Direction 308R ContentsR
xxviii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 12 – Anemometer
Article No. Article Page No.
12.5.2.1 The Indicator Does Not Work 308
12.5.2.2 There is a Mismatch in Wind Direction 308
12.5.2.3 The Indicator is Incapable of Following the Wind Direction 308
12.5.2.4 There is an abnormal sound heard from the receiver 308
12.5.3 Anemoscope 309
12.5.3.1 There is Nothing on The Screen 309
12.5.3.2 An Image on the Screen Remains Frozen 309
12.5.4 The Electric Horn Is Not Functioning 309
12.5.5 The System is Not Working due to an Error on The Screen 309
12.5.6 The Buzzer or the Buzzer Stop Switch Is Not Working 309
12.5.7 There is Partial or No Illumination 309
12.5.8 There is a Faint Sound from the Reflector, the RPM Has Reduced, The
Sound is Abnormal
310
12.5.9 Life of the Light Bulb is Short 310
12.5.10 The Light Bulb is Overheating / Transformer is Damaged 310
12.5.11 There is no rotation 310
12.5.12 The Sound Tone is Higher Than the Standard One 310
12.5.13 There are 2 Kinds of Sounds 310
12.5.14 There is No Sound 310
Chapter 13 – Weather Facsimile
Article No. Article Page No.
13.1 Introduction 311
13.2 Block Diagram 311
13.2.1 Whip Antenna 312
13.2.2 Weather Facsimile Receiver 313
13.2.3 Automatic Reception 314
13.2.4 Manual Reception 314
13.2.5 Timer Reception 314
13.2.6 Power Supply Unit 315
13.2.7 Matching Box 315
13.3 Maintenance 315R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxix
Chapter 13 – Weather Facsimile
Article No. Article Page No.
13.3.1 Backup Battery 315
13.3.2 Lubrication 315
13.3.3 Cleaning 316
13.3.4 Replacement of the Recording Paper 316
13.4 Troubleshooting 316
13.4.1 Troubleshooting the Weather Facsimile JAX-9B 316
13.4.1.1 The Paper Feed and Recording Are Not Happening 316
13.4.1.2 Recording Does Not Start 317
13.4.1.3 Printing Becomes Blurred or Fails 317
13.4.1.4 The Timer Program Receiving Does Not Start 317
13.4.1.5 The [MANU] Switch Input Is Not Accepted 317
13.4.1.6 The [FEED] Switch Input Is Not Accepted 318
13.4.1.7 The [CLOCK] Switch Input Is Not Accepted 318
13.4.1.8 The [PROG] Switch Input Is Not Accepted 318
Chapter 14 – Navigation and Signal Lights
Article No. Article Page No.
14.1 Mandatory Requirements 319
14.2 Operation 321
14.3 Modern LED-based Navigation Lights 323
14.3.1 LED Navigation Light Panel 324
14.4 Signals for a Power-driven Ship Under Way (At Night) 325
14.4.1 Masthead Light 325
14.4.2 Side Lights 325
14.4.3 One Stern Light 325
14.4.4 Ship at Anchorage 325
14.4.5 Ship Not Under Command 325
14.4.6 Ship Aground 326
14.5 Relevant Rules 326
14.5.1 Relevant SOLAS Regulations (Chapter II–1) 326
14.5.2 Summary of SOLAS Regulations 326
14.6 The Portable Daylight Signalling Light 328R ContentsR
xxx Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 14 – Navigation and Signal Lights
Article No. Article Page No.
14.7 Regulations 328
14.8 Working Principle 329
14.9 Maintenance 331
14.9.1 Lamp Replacement 331
14.9.2 Focusing Adjustment 331
14.10 Precautions 332
14.10.1 Halogen lamp 332
14.10.2 Battery 332
Chapter 15 – Air Horn (The Ship’s Whistle)
Article No. Article Page No.
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Block Diagram 333
15.3 Operation 335
15.3.1 Free Signalling 335
15.3.2 Automatic Fog Signalling 335
15.3.2.1 Automatic “1-blow” Fog Signalling 335
15.3.2.2 Automatic “2-blow” Fog Signalling 335
15.3.3 General Emergency Alarm Signalling 335
15.4 Troubleshooting 336
Chapter 16 – Very High Frequency Communication System
Article No. Article Page No.
16.1 Introduction 337
16.2 Block Diagram of the VHF Radio System 338
16.3 VHF Transceiver 339
16.4 VHF Controller 339
16.5 VHF Antenna 340
16.6 Inspection After Installation 341
16.7 Power Supply Module 341
16.8 External Interface Signal 341
16.9 Troubleshooting 342R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxxi
Chapter 16 – Very High Frequency Communication System
Article No. Article Page No.
16.9.1 VHF Js-780 343
16.19.2 Procedures for Locating Malfunctions 343
16.19.2.1 Faults Requiring No Instrument to Locate Them 343
16.19.2.2 Malfunctions That Can Be Fixed with A Multi Meter and Then Rectified 344
16.19.2.3 Malfunctions Requiring Special Instruments 344
16.19.2.4 Nothing is Displayed on The Screen 344
16.19.2.5 The Tx Is Displayed but No Voice Is Transmitted 344
16.19.2.6 The Tx is Not Displayed and Transmission Is Not Possible 344
16.19.2.7 The Reception’s Sensitivity Is Poor 345
16.19.2.8 There is No Sound from The Speaker Even When Squelch Is On,
Without Reception
345
16.19.2.9 The Speaker works but the Own Ship Cannot Receive Any Calls 345
16.19.2.10 Turning SQL Does Not Suppress any Noise 345
16.19.2.11 There is No Response from the Other Station Via the Radio
Telephone or DSC Call
345
16.19.2.12 It is not possible to Control the Radio Telephone Or DSC, but the
Volume Control, The Dimmer, and Power Key
346
16.19.2.13 Even by Pressing ENT on The Monitor Controller, The Access Rights
Cannot be Obtained
346
16.19.2.14 If the System Is Left on a Screen Other Than the Status Display for A
While, it Returns to the Status Display
346
16.19.2.15 The Received Distress Call Log Is Erased Without Operating 346
16.19.2.16 When A Portable Transceiver Is Brought Close to A Controller, Noise
is Heard from A Portable Transceiver
346
Chapter 17 – Medium and High Frequency Radio Equipment
Article No. Article Page No.
17.1 Introduction 347
17.2 Radio Wave Propagation 347
17.2.1 Ground Wave 348
17.2.2 Sky Wave 348
17.2.3 Direct Wave 348
17.3 Block Diagram of the MF/HF System 350R ContentsR
xxxii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 17 – Medium and High Frequency Radio Equipment
Article No. Article Page No.
17.3.1 Power Supply Unit 351
17.3.2 Output Power Supply from MF/HF System 351
17.3.3 Controller Unit (Master Control Unit) 351
17.3.4 Digital Selective Calling (DSC) 352
17.3.5 Transmitter 352
17.3.6 Receiver 353
17.4 Narrow Band Direct Printing (NBDP) Equipment 353
17.4.1 Automatic Request (ARQ) Mode 353
17.4.2 Forward Error Correction (FEC) Mode 354
17.4.3 Direct Mode 354
17.5 MF / HF Receiver / Transmitter 354
17.5.1 Receiver 354
17.5.2 Transmitter 356
17.5.3 Exciter Section 356
17.5.4 Frequency Multiplier 357
17.5.5 Power Station 357
17.5.6 Antenna Tuner 358
Chapter 18 – Navigational Telex (NavTex)
Article No. Article Page No.
18.1 Introduction 359
18.2 Regulations 360
18.3 Service Area and Range 361
18.4 Sub Units of the NavTex Receiver 363
18.4.1 Power Supply Unit 363
18.4.2 Printer 363
18.4.3 Output Signal 363
18.4.4 Antenna 363
18.4.5 Receiver / Display Unit 365
18.5 Decoding a Message Received by the NavTex Receiver 365
18.6 Maintenance 369R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxxiii
Chapter 18 – Navigational Telex (NavTex)
Article No. Article Page No.
18.6.1 Display Unit Connectors 369
18.6.2 LCD / Display Unit 369
18.6.3 Ground Terminal 370
18.6.4 Replacement of the Battery 370
18.6.5 Thermal Paper 370
18.7 Troubleshooting 370
Chapter 19 – Automatic Identification System
Article No. Article Page No.
19.1 Introduction 371
19.2 Regulations 371
19.3 Block Diagram 371
19.3.1 Transponder 372
19.3.2 Monitoring Unit 373
19.3.3 Static Data 373
19.3.4 Dynamic Data (depends on speed and course alteration) 374
19.3.5 Voyage Related Data 374
19.3.6 Short Safety Related Messages 374
19.3.7 Antenna 374
19.3.8 Power Supply Unit 375
19.3.9 I/O Signals 375
19.4 Maintenance 377
19.4.1 Connectors 377
19.4.2 Cabling 377
19.4.3 Ground Terminal 377
19.4.4 Ground Wire 377
19.4.5 Monitoring Unit, Transponder Unit 377
19.5 Troubleshooting 378R ContentsR
xxxiv Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 20 – Long-range Identification and Tracking
Article No. Article Page No.
20.1 Introduction 379
20.2 LRIT Definitions 379
20.2.1 Ship-borne Equipment 379
20.2.2 LRIT Information 379
20.2.3 Application Service Provider 379
20.2.4 Data Centre 379
20.2.5 International Data Exchange 379
20.3 Working Principle 380
20.4 Requirements for A Vessel to Comply with LRIT 381
20.5 Roles and Responsibilities 381
20.6 Distributed Architecture 382
20.7 International LRIT Data Centre 384
20.8 Conformance Test 386
Chapter 21 – Closed Circuit Television
Article No. Article Page No.
21.1 Introduction 387
21.2 Regulations 387
21.3 Sub Modules of the CCTV System and Connection Diagram 388
21.4 Tools Required for Installation 389
21.5 Crimping Procedure of the LAN Cable 390
Chapter 22 – Television and Radio Antennae
Article No. Article Page No.
22.1 Introduction 391
22.2 Regulations 391
22.2.1 Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 as amended (MLC,2006): 391
22.3 Block Diagram 391
22.3.1 Antenna 391
22.3.2 TV / Radio Booster 392
22.3.3 Splitter 393
22.3.4 Coaxial Cable 393R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxxv
Chapter 22 – Television and Radio Antennae
Article No. Article Page No.
22.3.5 Connection Box 394
22.3.6 Power Supply Unit 394
22.4 Troubleshooting 394
Chapter 23 – Bridge Navigation Watch Alarm System
Article No. Article Page No.
23.1 Introduction 395
23.2 Regulations 395
23.2.1 IMO Carriage Requirements 395
22.2.1.1 New Ships 395
22.2.1.2 Existing Ships 395
23.3 Block Diagram 396
23.4 The BNWAS Main Circuit 399
23.4.1 Extension Panel 399
23.4.2 Reset Function 400
23.4.3 Power Supply 400
23.4.4 I/O Communication 400
23.5 Troubleshooting 401
23.5.1 Troubleshooting the BNWAS JCX-161 401
23.5.1.1 The LCD On the Operation Panel Appears Blank 401
23.5.1.2 NYG-5 Reset Does Not Work 401
23.5.1.3 The Visual Indication Does Not Work on NCJ-895 / 896 401
23.5.1.4 The Visual Indication Does Not Work at NCD-2257 401
23.5.1.5 The Count Down of the Dormant Period Does Not Start 402
Chapter 24 – Ship Security Alarm System
Article No. Article Page No.
24.1 Introduction 403
24.2 Regulations 404
24.3 Block Diagram 405
24.3.1 AC-DC Power Supply Unit 405
24.3.2 Personal Computer and Printer 405R ContentsR
xxxvi Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 24 – Ship Security Alarm System
Article No. Article Page No.
24.3.3 Antenna 406
24.3.4 SSAS Alert Switch 406
24.4 Communication Unit with Internal GPS 406
24.5 Maintenance 407
24.5.1 Antenna 407
24.5.2 SSAS Switch 407
24.5.3 SSAS PCB 407
24.6 Troubleshooting 408
Chapter 25 – Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
Article No. Article Page No.
25.1 Introduction 409
25.2 GMDSS Equipment Carriage Requirement. 410
25.3 Basic Functions of The GMDSS System 413
25.4 Sea Areas 417
25.4.1 Area A1 417
25.4.2 Area A2 417
25.4.3 Area A3 418
25.4.4 Area A4 418
25.5 Digital Selective Calling (DSC) 418
25.5.1 Specific Ship Station Identities 419
25.5.2 Group Ship Stations Identities 419
25.5.3 Specific Coast Station Identities 419
25.5.4 Group Coast Station Identities 419
25.5.5 DSC Frequencies 421
25.6 The GMDSS Satellite Segment 421
25.6.1 INMARSAT 421
25.6.2 INMARSAT Space Segment 422
25.7 Land Earth Stations (LES) 423
25.8 INMARSAT Satellite Access Stations (SAS) 423
25.9 Ship Earth Stations (SES) 424
25.9.1 INMARSAT C SES 424R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxxvii
Chapter 25 – Global Maritime Distress and Safety System
Article No. Article Page No.
25.9.2 Fleet F77 SES 424
25.9.3 INMARSAT Fleet Broadband 425
25.9.4 COSPAS SARSAT Satellite 425
25.9.4.1 Basic Concept COSPAS-SARSAT System 426
25.10 GMDSS Equipment Maintenance 428
25.10.1 Self-Testing 428
25.10.2 Power Supplies 428
25.10.3 Battery Maintenance 429
25.10.4 Antenna Maintenance 430
25.10.5 Some Good Practices for Antenna Maintenance 431
25.10.6 GMDSS Tester 431
Chapter 26 – Marine Electric Clock
Article No. Article Page No.
26.1 Standard Marine Electric Clock System (MCS-970) 433
26.1.1 Salient Features of the Marine Electric Clock System (MCS-970) 433
26.1.2 Capacity and Function of The System 434
26.2 Generic Troubleshooting Guide for a Master Clock System 435
26.2.1 If A Warning Signal Is Generated or if the Clock has Stopped 435
26.2.2 All fuses are okay but it is not working 436
26.2.3 The Clock Is Slow or Fast 436
26.2.4 GPS Signal Has Failed 436
26.2.5 The Master Dimmer Has Failed 436
26.2.6 The Time Is Not Correct 436
Chapter 27 – Alarm Systems
Article No. Article Page No.
27.1 Fire Alarms and Detection 437
27.1.1 Requirements of a Basic Fire Alarm System 437
27.1.2 Requirements of a Typical Fire Detection System 437
27.1.3 Initiating Devices 438
27.1.4 Indicating Devices 438R ContentsR
xxxviii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 27 – Alarm Systems
Article No. Article Page No.
27.1.5 Control Panel 438
27.1.6 Power Supply 438
27.1.7 Virtues of an Intelligent Fire Alarm System 439
27.2 Heat Detectors 440
27.2.1 Fixed Temperature Type 440
27.2.2 Rate of Rise Type 441
27.3 The Combustion Detector 442
27.4 Detectors Reacting to Radiation Emanating from Flames 445
27.5 The Fire Alarm Control Panel 447
27.5.1 IMO Fire Control Signs 452
27.6 Fire Fighting Systems 453
27.6.1 Alarms for Engine Room and Pump Room Systems 455
27.7 Modern Methods of Fire Detection and Suppression 458
27.7.1 Early Fire Warning and Detection 459
27.7.2 The Supervisory Control System 459
27.7.3 Hyper-mist Fire Fighting System 459
27.8 Dead Man Alarm 462
27.8.1 General Description and Location of Units 462
27.8.2 System Specifications 463
27.8.3 Modes of Operation 463
27.8.3.1 Standby 463
27.8.3.2 Unmanned 463
27.8.3.3 Running 463
27.8.3.4 Pre-warning 464
27.8.3.5 Dead Man Alarm 464
27.8.3.6 Initiating the Running Sequence 464
27.8.4 SafePage 3000™ Wireless Paging, Information and Dead Man Alarm
System 464
27.9 Miscellaneous Alarm Indication Systems 466
27.9.1 The Bridge Alarm Console 466
27.9.2 Group Control Panel 467
27.9.3 Operation of a Basic System 467R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xxxix
Chapter 27 – Alarm Systems
Article No. Article Page No.
27.10 Relevant Rules 468
27.10.1 Relevant SOLAS Regulations 468
27.10.2 Summary of Regulations 469
Chapter 28 – Internal Communication Systems
Article No. Article Page No.
28.1 Sound Powered / Intrinsically Safe Telephone System and Engineer’s
Alarm 473
28.1.2 The Engineer’s Call Alarm 474
28.2 Troubleshooting the Automatic Telephone Exchange System 475
28.2.1 Initial Start-Up for Common Circuits 476
28.2.2 Extensions: For a Specific Extension: No Dial Tone 476
28.2.3 Extensions: For a Specific Extension: Low Speech Level or OneWay Speech 477
28.2.4 Extensions: For a Specific Extension: Noise Is Present 477
28.2.5 Extensions: For a Specific Extension There Is Crosstalk Coupling 477
28.2.6 Trunk lines: Trunk Line Call Originations Is Impossible 477
28.3 Troubleshooting the Sound Power Telephone LC 800 477
28.3.1 Calling is Impossible 477
28.3.2 Bad Buzzer or LED 478
28.3.3 Calling Quality is Poor 478
28.3.4 There is No Buzzer Sound 478
28.3.5 There is a Buzzer Sound but There Is No Indication 479
28.3.6 There Is a Bad Connection or it is Unable to Communicate 479
28.4 Troubleshooting the Intrinsically Safe Type of Common Battery
Phone / Marine Automatic Telephone
479
28.4.1 Incapable of Calling 480
28.4.2 The Lamp, Buzzer and Bell Do Not Function 480
28.4.3 Communication is poor or cannot be made 480
28.5 Troubleshooting the Public Address System MPA 2000C 481
28.5.1 Mutual Relation of The Speaker Output 481
28.5.2 Power Failure 481
28.5.3 Audio Output Failure 482R ContentsR
xl Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 28 – Internal Communication Systems
Article No. Article Page No.
28.5.4 Remote Microphone Failure 482
28.5.5 Remote(A) Power Failure 482
28.5.6 Remote(B) Power Failure 483
28.5.7 Remote(A) Speaker Failure 483
28.5.8 Microphone Failure 483
28.5.9 Power Failure 484
28.5.10 Voltage Check Points 484
28.6 Troubleshooting the Public Address System 486
28.6.1 Whole System 486
28.6.2 Power Detector Unit 486
28.6.3 Microphone 486
28.6.4 Control Unit 486
28.6.5 Monitor Unit 487
28.6.6 Power Amplifier Unit 487
28.6.7 Remote Control Unit 487
Chapter 29 – Voyage Data Recorder
Article No. Article Page No.
29.1 Introduction 489
29.2 Regulations 489
29.2.1 Voyage Data Recorders 489
29.2.2 Simplified VDRs 491
29.3 Block Diagram 492
29.3.1 Data Collecting Unit 493
29.3.2 Data Recording Unit 494
29.3.3 Input Signals 495
29.3.3.1 Date and Time 495
29.3.3.2 Ship’s Position and Datum Used 496
29.3.3.3 Speed (in water and / or over ground) 496
29.3.3.4 Heading (True, Magnetic) 496
29.3.3.5 AIS-VHF Data-link Message, AIS-VHF Data-link Own-vessel’s
Messages 496R ContentsR
Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships xli
Chapter 29 – Voyage Data Recorder
Article No. Article Page No.
29.3.3.6 Depth Below Keel (from the Echo Sounder) 496
29.3.3.7 Alarms 496
29. 3.3.8 Rudder Order / Response 496
29. 3.3.9 Engine Order / Response 496
29.3.3.10 Hull Openings, Watertight Doors 497
29. 3.3.11 Acceleration and Hull Stresses 497
29.3.3.12 Wind Speed and Direction 497
29.3.3.13 Radar Data 497
29.3.3.14 Bridge Audio 497
29.3.4 Remote Alarm Panel 497
29.3.5 Power Supply Unit 498
29.4 The Raytheon MER®-VDR 498
29.4.1 MER®-VDR Administrator Access Rights 499
29.4.2 Final Recording Medium 6260 (Capsule / Black Box) 500
29.4.2.1 Data that is Recorded 501
29.4.2.2 Additional Options 501
29.5 The Sperry Marine VDR and S-VDR 502
29.5.1 The Basic VDR Package 502
29.5.1.1 Data Acquisition Unit (DAU) 503
29.5.1.2 6 Microphones 503
29.5.1.3 Protected Data Capsule (12 Hours) 503
29.5.1.4 Mount for Capsule with 50m cable 503
29.5.1.5 Bridge Alarm Unit 503
29.5.1.6 Sensor Interface Unit 503
29.5.1.7 Playback Software 503
29.5.1.8 Manuals 503
29.5.1.9 Optional 503
29.5.1.10 Mandatory Signal List 503
29.5.2 The VoyageMaster II S-VDR 504
29.5.2.1 Data Acquisition Unit (DAU) 504
29.5.2.2 4 Microphone Units 504
29.5.2.3 Protected Data Capsule (12 Hour) 504R ContentsR
xlii Bridge Equipment for Navigation and Control of Commercial Ships
Chapter 29 – Voyage Data Recorder
Article No. Article Page No.
29.5.2.4 Mount for Capsule with 50m cable 504
29.5.2.5 Bridge Alarm Unit 504
29.5.2.6 Playback Software 505
29.5.2.7 Manual 505
29.5.2.8 Optional 505
29.6 Maintenance in General 506
29.6.1 Annual Re-certification 506
29.6.2 Cleaning 506
29.6.3 Software Maintenance 506
29.6.4 Replacing Batteries 506
29.7 Troubleshooting 506
Chapter 30 – List of SOLAS Regulations
Chapter No. Title Page No.
I General Provisions 507
II – 1 Construction, subdivision and stability, machinery and electrical
installations 508
II – 2 Construction – Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction 511
III Life-saving appliances and arrangements 512
IV Radio Communications 514
V Safety of Navigation 515
VI Carriage of cargoes and oil fuels 516
VII Carriage of dangerous goods 517
VIII Nuclear ships 518
IX Management for the safe operation of ships 518
X Safety management for high-speed craft 519
XI – 1 Safety measures to enhance maritime safety 519
XI – 2 Special measures to enhance maritime security 519
XII Additional safety measures for bulk carriers 520
XIII Verification of compliance 520
XIV Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters 520